Challenging Diagnosis of Low-grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma of the Chest Wall: Case Report / Diagnóstico Desafiador de Sarcoma Fibromixoide de Baixo Grau de Parede Torácica: Relato de Caso / Diagnóstico Desafiante de Sarcoma Fibromixoide de Bajo Grado de Pared Torácica: Informe de Caso

Introduction: Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (LGFMS) is a rare special subtype of fibrosarcoma, it is more common in the trunk and proximal limbs. First described by Evans in 1987, this tumor is also named Evans tumor. Diagnosis of LGFMS may be quite challenging, either due to the low suspicion rate of the tumor or low specificity of its morphological pattern and immunohistochemical profile, a phenomenon that is magnified when tumor location is less usual, such as in the chest wall. The present article presents a challenging case of LGFMS of the chest wall. Case report: Female, 58-year-old patient was referred to the oncology referral clinic with a breast tumor. Diagnostic investigation included imaging tests (breast US and chest CT scan) and core needle biopsy. CT scan revealed the epicenter of the tumor in the left anterior thoracic wall. Biopsy to evaluate the histologic type of tumor was carried out and the result was inconclusive. Therefore, surgical excision of the tumor was performed. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry studies of the surgical specimen confirmed the diagnosis of LGFMS of the chest wall. Currently, after 36 months of the surgical excision, the patient is still doing well and continues under clinical follow-up. Conclusion: Although the diagnosis of LGFMS of the chest wall is challenging, it should be done correctly, since these cases require a long and thorough clinical follow-up

Introdução:O sarcoma fibromixoide de baixo grau (SFBG) é um subtipo especial de fibrossarcoma de ocorrência rara, sendo mais frequente em tronco e parte proximal dos membros. Esse tumor, primeiramente descrito por Evans em 1987, também pode ser chamado de "tumor de Evans". O diagnóstico de SFBG pode ser bastante desafiador tanto por ser um tumor pouco suspeitado como pelo fato de seu padrão morfológico e perfil imuno-histoquímico serem pouco específicos, fenômeno magnificado quando a localização é menos usual, como na parede torácica. O presente artigo apresenta um caso desafiador de SFBG de parede torácica. Relato do caso: Paciente, sexo feminino, 58 anos, foi encaminhada ao serviço de referência oncológica com tumor em região mamária. Realizou-se investigação diagnóstica com exames de imagens (ultrassonografia das mamas e tomografia computadorizada ­ TC de tórax) e biópsia por agulha grossa. A TC de tórax evidenciou que o tumor tinha epicentro na parede torácica anterior esquerda. Não houve conclusão sobre o tipo histológico do tumor. Foi realizada excisão cirúrgica. O histopatológico e a imuno-histoquímica da peça cirúrgica permitiram o diagnóstico de SFBG de parede torácica. Atualmente, 36 meses após a excisão do tumor, a paciente está bem e em seguimento clínico. Conclusão: Apesar de o diagnóstico de um SFBG de parede torácica ser desafiador, é importante realizá-lo adequadamente, uma vez que esses casos exigem um seguimento clínico longo e minucioso

Introducción: El sarcoma fibromixoide de bajo grado (SFBG) es un subtipo especial de fibrosarcoma de rara aparición, siendo más frecuente en tronco y parte proximal de las extremidades. Descrito por primera vez por Evans en 1987, este tumor también ha sido llamado tumor de Evans. El diagnóstico de un SFBG puede ser bastante desafiante, tanto porque es un tumor poco sospechado como porque su patrón morfológico y perfil inmunohistoquímico son poco específicos, fenómeno magnificado cuando la localización del tumor es inusual, como en la pared torácica. El objetivo de este estudio es informar un caso desafiante de SFBG de pared torácica. Informe del caso: Una paciente de 58 años con un tumor en la mama fue derivada al centro de referencia de oncología. La investigación diagnóstica incluyó pruebas de imagen (US de mama y TC de tórax) y biopsia con aguja gruesa. La TC de tórax reveló el epicentro del tumor en la pared torácica anterior izquierda. Se realizó biopsia del tipo histológico de tumor el y el resultado no fue concluyente. Por lo tanto, se realizó la extirpación quirúrgica del tumor. Los estudios de histopatología e inmunohistoquímica de la pieza quirúrgica confirmaron el diagnóstico de SFBG de pared torácica. Actualmente, a los 36 meses de la extirpación quirúrgica, la paciente sigue evolucionando bien y continúa en seguimiento clínico. Conclusión: Aunque el diagnóstico de un SFBG de pared torácica es desafiante, es importante realizarlo adecuadamente, ya que estos casos requieren un seguimiento clínico prolongado y exhaustivo

Evaluating the effect of montelukast tablets on respiratory complications in patients following blunt chest wall trauma: A double-blind, randomized clinical trial / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#Patients with multiple traumas are at high risk of developing respiratory complications, including pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Many pulmonary complications are associated with systemic inflammation and pulmonary neutrophilic infiltration. Leukotriene-receptor antagonists are anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant drugs subsiding airway inflammation. The present study investigates the effectiveness of montelukast in reducing pulmonary complications among trauma patients.@*METHODS@#This randomized, double-blind, placebo-control trial was conducted in patients with multiple blunt traumas and evidence of lung contusion detected via CT scan. We excluded patients if they met at least one of the following conditions: < 16 years old, history of cardiopulmonary diseases or positive history of montelukast-induced hypersensitivity reactions. Patients were allocated to the treatment (10 mg of montelukast) or placebo group using permuted block randomization method. The primary measured outcome was the volume of pulmonary contusion at the end of the trial. The secondary outcomes were intensive care unit and hospital length of stay, ventilation days, multi-organ failure, and the in-hospital mortality rate.@*RESULTS@#In total, 65 eligible patients (treatment = 31, placebo = 34) were included for the final analysis. The treatment group had more pulmonary contusion volume (mean (SD), mm3) at the right (68726.97 (93656.54) vs. 59730.27 (76551.74)) and the left side (67501.71 (91514.04) vs. 46502.21 (80604.21)), higher initial C-reactive peptide level (12.16 (10.58) vs. 10.85 (17.87)) compared to the placebo group, but the differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). At the end of the study, the mean (SD) of pulmonary contusion volume (mm3) (right side = 116748.74 (361705.12), left side = 64522.03 (117266.17)) of the treatment group were comparable to that of the placebo group (right side = 40051.26 (64081.56), left side = 25929.12 (47417.13), p = 0.228 and 0.082, respectively). Moreover, both groups have statistically similar hospital (mean (SD), days) (10.87 (9.83) vs. 13.05 (10.12)) and intensive care unit length of stays (mean (SD), days) (7.16 (8.15) vs. 7.82 (7.48)). Of note, the frequency of the in-hospital complications (treatment vs. control group) including acute respiratory distress syndrome (12.9% vs. 8.8%, p = 0.71), pneumonia (19.4% vs. 17.6%, p = 0.85), multi-organ failure (12.9% vs. 17.6%, p = 0.58) and the mortality rate (22.6% vs. 14.7%, p = 0.41) were comparable between the groups.@*CONCLUSION@#Administrating montelukast has no preventive or therapeutic effects on lung contusion or its complications.

Effectiveness of lobulated pedicled rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap for repairing huge chest wall defect / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the effectiveness of lobulated pedicled rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap to repair huge chest wall defect.@*METHODS@#Between June 2021 and June 2022, 14 patients with huge chest wall defects were treated with radical resection of the lesion and lobulated pedicled rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap transplantation for reconstruction of chest wall defects. The patients included 5 males and 9 females with an average age of 44.2 years (range, 32-57 years). The size of skin and soft tissue defect ranged from 20 cm×16 cm to 22 cm×22 cm. The bilateral pedicled rectus abdominis myocutaneous flaps in size of 26 cm×8 cm to 35 cm×14 cm were prepaired and cut into two skin paddles with basically equal area according to the actual defect size of the chest wall. After the lobulated pedicled rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap was transferred to the defect, there were two reshaping methods. The first method was that the skin paddle at the lower position and opposite side was unchanged, and the skin paddle at the effected side was rotated by 90° (7 cases). The second method was that the two skin paddles were rotated 90° respectively (7 cases). The donor site was sutured directly.@*RESULTS@#All 14 flaps survived successfully and the wound healed by first intention. The incisions at donor site healed by first intention. All patients were followed up 6-12 months (mean, 8.7 months). The appearance and texture of the flaps were satisfactory. Only linear scar was left at the donor site, and the appearance and activity of the abdominal wall were not affected. No local recurrence was found in all tumor patients, and distant metastasis occurred in 2 breast cancer patients (1 liver metastasis and 1 lung metastasis).@*CONCLUSION@#The lobulated pedicled rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap in repair of huge chest wall defect can ensure the safety of blood supply of the flap to the greatest extent, ensure the effective and full use of the flap tissue, and reduce postoperative complications.

Síndrome de fricción escapulotorácica por un osteocondroma subescapular: presentación de un caso y revisión bibliográfica / Snapping scapula syndrome resulting from a subscapular osteochondroma: Case report and literature review

El síndrome de fricción escapulotorácica, resalto o chasquido escapular es un cuadro poco frecuente, descrito, por primera vez, por Boinet, en 1867. Se produce por una incongruencia en la articulación escapulotorácica, asociada a múltiples causas, como bursitis, exostosis, masas óseas, tejidos fibrótico o muscular anómalos, consolidación defectuosa de fracturas o variaciones de la anatomía costal o escapular. El propósito de este artículo es comunicar un caso clínico de una adolescente con dolor incapacitante y deformidad en la región escapular derecha, de más de cuatro años de evolución. Los estudios diagnósticos revelaron una masa ósea única subescapular sugestiva de un osteocondroma de gran tamaño, más de 2,5 cm x 4 cm x 4 cm. También, se presenta una revisión y actualización de la bibliografía sobre el diagnóstico y el tratamiento actual de esta enfermedad. Nivel de Evidencia: III

Snapping scapula syndrome is a rare pathology first described by Boinet in 1867. Its pathogenesis is caused by an incongruency in the thoracic scapular joint, associated with multiple causes including bursitis, exostosis, bone mass, fibrotic tissue or muscular abnormalities, defective consolidation of fractures or anatomical rib or scapular fractures. The purpose of this article is to present a clinical case of an adolescent with incapacitating clinical pain in the right scapular region, as well as a deformity at this level that had evolved for more than 4 years, and which, when diagnostic tests were performed, revealed a subscapular bone mass suggestive of a single large osteochondroma measuring more than 2.5 cm x 4 cm x 4 cm.. A review and update of the literature on the diagnosis and current treatment of this pathology is made. Level of Evidence: III

Tumor de Askin: un tumor infrecuente de la pared torácica / Askin tumor: a rare tumor of the chest wall / Tumor de Askin: um tumor raro da parede torácica

El tumor de Askin o tumor primitivo neuroectodérmico es una neoplasia de células pequeñas redondas que se origina de los tejidos blandos de la pared torácica, probablemente a partir de células embrionarias que migran de la cresta neural. Son tumores muy agresivos que metastatizan rápidamente y de forma diseminada. Clínicamente, los pacientes presentan una masa de tejidos blandos en la pared del tórax que puede cursar o no con dolor. Otras manifestaciones incluyen disnea, tos, pérdida de peso, síndrome de Horner y adenopatías regionales. La radiografía de tórax muestra una masa heterogénea extrapulmonar, por lo general de gran tamaño, que puede opacificar completamente el hemitórax. El pronóstico del tumor de Askin es pobre; sin embargo, el uso combinado de quimioterapia, cirugía y radiación ha mejorado el resultado de forma drástica.

Askin tumor or primitive neuroectodermal tumor is a small round cells' neoplasia, which originates in the chest's soft tissues probably from embryonic cells that migrate from the neural crest. They are very aggressive tumors that metastasize and disseminate quickly. Clinically, patients show a soft tissue mass in the chest that may or may not be accompanied by pain. Other manifestations include dyspnea, cough, weight loss, Horner syndrome and regional lymphadenopathy. Chest radiographies show a usually large extrapulmonary heterogeneous mass, which can completely opacify the hemithorax. The prognosis is poor; however, the combined use of chemotherapy, surgery and radiation has improved results dramatically.

O tumor de Askin ou tumor neuroectodérmico primitivo é uma neoplasia de pequenas células redondas que se origina dos tecidos moles da parede torácica, provavelmente de células embrionárias que tem migrado da crista neural. São tumores muito agressivos que metastatizam e se disseminam rapidamente. Clinicamente, os pacientes apresentam uma massa de partes moles na parede torácica que pode ou não causar dor. Outras manifestações incluem dispneia, tosse, perda de peso, síndrome de Horner e linfadenopatia regional. A radiografia de tórax mostra uma massa extrapulmonar heterogênea, geralmente grande, que pode opacar completamente o hemitórax. O prognóstico do tumor de Askin é ruim; no entanto, o uso combinado de quimioterapia, cirurgia e radiação tem melhorado drasticamente o resultado.

Reconstrucción de herida compleja de tórax posterior a resección agresiva por cáncer de mama avanzado / Complex chest wound reconstruction following aggressive resection for advanced breast cancer

Los grandes defectos torácicos requieren generalmente procedimientos complejos para su reparación; en la mayoría de los casos es necesaria la combinación de tejidos autólogos y materiales protésicos, por lo que constituye un desafío para el cirujano plástico. En nuestra experiencia se presenta una herida compleja de la pared torácica secundaria a exéresis tumoral. En general se dispone de varias opciones reconstructivas para cubrir los defectos resultantes de las amplias escisiones y poder aportar colgajos vascularizados, amplios y voluminosos. A pesar de no disponer en nuestro caso con los tejidos regionales más comúnmente usados, hemos podido dar cobertura a todo el defecto y se ha garantizado una adecuada estabilidad de la pared torácica. Se tuvo como objetivo mostrar la forma en que se realizó la reconstrucción inmediata con la combinación de colgajo de rotación y material protésico. En este artículo se revisa el hemicolgajo dermograso abdominal, la técnica de elevación y sus ventajas e inconvenientes. Se trata de una técnica de gran seguridad, versátil, con pocas secuelas en la zona donante, de tiempo quirúrgico relativamente corto.

Large thoracic defects require complex procedures for repair, in most cases it requires the combination of autologous tissues and prosthetic materials. A complex wound secondary to tumor exeresis was presented in our service. Among the multiple reconstructive options, a rotation and advancement abdominal dermofat hemicolgajo was chosen. Resulting in a technique of great safety, versatile, with little sequel in the donor area, and short surgical time

Cirugías por traumatismo torácico: caracterización y variables asociadas a mortalidad / Thoracic trauma surgery: indications, findings and mortality associated variables

Resumen Introducción: El traumatismo torácico (TT) es la causa de aproximadamente un cuarto de las muertes por traumatismos. Los pacientes tratados con cirugía por traumatismo torácico (CTT) presentan un amplio espectro de características y pronósticos. Objetivos: Describir características clínicas, indicaciones, temporalidad, morbilidad, mortalidad y las variables asociadas a mortalidad en pacientes con CTT. Materiales y Método: Estudio observacional de pacientes tratados con CTT, período enero-1981 a diciembre-2019. Revisión de protocolos prospectivos de TT y base de datos. Se realizó regresión logística para variables asociadas a mortalidad. Se utilizó SPSS25® con prueba chi-cuadrado para comparar clasificación, tipo de TT y su distribución temporal, considerando significativo p < 0,05. Resultados: En total 808 casos (18,2%) de 4.448 TT requirieron CTT. Fueron hombres 767 (94,9%) y la edad promedio fue 31,5 ± 13,8 años. El traumatismo fue penetrante y por arma blanca en la mayoría de los casos. Fueron politraumatizados 164 (20,3%). La cirugía fue urgente en 474 (58,7%), precoz en 41 (5,0%) y diferida en 293 (36,3%) casos. La mortalidad global fue de 6,7% y fue significativamente mayor en TT contusos, politraumatizados y en cirugía urgente. La mortalidad fue 9,7% en CTT urgente, 4,9% en precoz y 2,0% en diferida (p < 0,001). Se observaron variables independientes asociadas a mortalidad. Conclusión: En nuestra serie, las CTT se realizaron principalmente en hombres jóvenes con TT penetrantes. Correspondieron a un grupo heterogéneo en cuanto a las indicaciones, hallazgos y lesiones intratorácicas y/o asociadas. Múltiples variables demostraron influir significativamente en la mortalidad de los pacientes tratados con CTT.

Background: Thoracic Trauma (TT) is the cause of approximately a quarter of trauma deaths. The patients who undergo Thoracic Trauma Surgery (TTS) present a wide spectrum of characteristics and prognosis. Aim: To describe clinical characteristics, indications, temporality, morbidity, mortality and mortality associated variables in TTS patients. Materials and Method: Observational study of TT hospitalized patients, period January-1981 to December-2019. A review of operation notes and database was done. A logistic regression for mortality associated variables was made. To compare classification, type of TT and its temporal distribution, SPSS25® with chi-square test was used, considering significant p < 0.05. Results: A total of 808 (18.2%) of 4.448 TT patients required TTS, 767 (94.9%) were men with average age: 31.5 ± 13.8. The trauma was penetrating trauma due to a stab in most cases, 164 (20.3%) were polytraumatized. The surgery was urgent in 474 (58.7%), early in 41 (5.0%) and delayed in 293 (36.3%) cases. The global mortality was 6.7% and was significantly higher in the blunt TT, polytrauma, urgent and early surgery patients. Mortality in urgent TTS was 9.7%, early 4.9% and 2.0% in delayed (p < 0.001). Independent variables associated with mortality were observed. Conclusions: In our series, TTS were performed mainly in young men with penetrating TT. The group was heterogeneous regarding surgical indications, findings and intrathoracic or associated injuries. Multiple variables showed to influence significantly on mortality in patients who underwent TTS.

An innovative technique of chest wall stabilization and reconstruction in traumatic flail chest: The figure-of-eight suture with polypropylene mesh and musculofascial flap / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

Surgical stabilization of the flail chest is challenging and has no established guidelines. Chest wall integrity and stability are the main factors that ensure the protection of intrathoracic organs and an adequate respiratory function. Here, we report a novel chest wall reconstruction technique in a 45-year-old man with a traumatic left flail chest and open pneumothorax diagnosed both clinically and radiographically. Rib approximation and chest wall reconstruction was done using intercostal figure-of-eight suture and polypropylene mesh with vascularized musculofascial flap. The patient improved gradually and was discharged after three weeks of total hospital stay. He returned to regular working after a month with no evidence of respiratory distress or paradoxical chest movement. Follow-up visit at one year revealed no lung hernia or paradoxical chest movement. This is a novel, feasible and cost-effective modification of chest wall reconstruction that can be adopted for thoracic wall repair in case of open flail chest, which needs emergency surgical interventions even in resource constraint settings.

Colgajo dorsal ancho por abordaje único vertical en el síndrome de Poland: caso clínico / Retalho latíssimo do dorso por abordagem único vertical na síndrome de Poland: caso clínico / Latissimus dorsi vertical single-approach flap in Poland syndrome: clinical case

El síndrome de Poland constituye una malformacion que asocia diversos grados de anomalia toracica y a nivel del miembro superior, con una incidencia de 1 cada 30000 nacidos vivos. Esta patologia geenra ausencia de la glandula mamaria y del musculo pectroral mayor como malformacion mas frecuente. Lo cual produce una asimetria a nivel de torax con perdida de la armonia la cual lleva a una alteracion tanto fisica como psicologica a nivel de la paciente. Por esto es necesario resolver esta patologia con la menor morbilidad posible. El planteo de generar la menor morbilidad nos llevo a realizar una tecnica por abordaje unico sub axilar, a traves del cual se diseca el musculo dorsal ancho y se transpone de forma anterior, obteniendo una sola incision, la cual se mantiene oculta debajo del miembro superior adducido. Produciendo menor tiempo operatorio, menor tiempo de internacion, disminuyendo el número de incsiones y logrando una adecuada fijacion anterior del musculo dorsal ancho.

Poland's syndrome is a malformation associated with varying degrees of thoracic and upper limb abnormality, with an incidence of 1 in 30,000 live births. This pathology generates the absence of the mammary gland and the major pectoral muscle as the most frequent malformation. Which produces an asymmetry at the chest level with loss of harmony which leads to both physical and psychological alteration at the level of the patient. For this reason, it is necessary to resolve this pathology with the least possible morbidity. The proposal to generate the least morbidity led us to perform a single sub axillary approach technique, through which the latissimus dorsi muscle is dissected and transposed anteriorly, obtaining a single incision, which is kept hidden under the upper limb adduced. Producing less operative time, shorter hospitalization time, reducing the number of incisions and achieving an adequate anterior fixation of the latissimus dorsi muscle.

A síndrome de Poland é uma malformação associada a vários graus de anomalia torácica e de membros superiores, com uma incidência de 1 em 30.000 nascidos vivos. Essa patologia gera a ausência da glândula mamária e do músculo pectoral principal como a malformação mais frequente. O que produz uma assimetria ao nível do peito com perda de harmonia que conduz a alterações físicas e psicológicas ao nível do paciente. Por isso, é necessário resolver essa patologia com a menor morbidade possível. A proposta de gerar o mínimo de morbidade nos levou a realizar uma única técnica de abordagem subaxilar, por meio da qual o músculo grande dorsal é dissecado e transposto anteriormente, obtendo-se uma única incisão, que é mantida escondida sob o membro superior. aduzido. Produzindo menos tempo operatório, menor tempo de internação, reduzindo o número de incisões e conseguindo uma fixação anterior adequada do músculo grande dorsal.

Reconstrucción de pared torácica con material de fijación en pacientes con lesiones tumorales. Serie de casos / Reconstruction of the chest wall with fixation in patients withtumor lesions. Case series

Introducción. El manejo quirúrgico de las lesiones de la pared costal con resección y reconstrucción con material protésico ha venido en aumento, debido al avance en las técnicas quirúrgicas y en la experiencia del cirujano, así como en la innovación y las características de los materiales protésicos, que permiten realizar resecciones amplias de la pared garantizando una mayor estabilidad esquelética, una menor alteración de la mecánica respiratoria y mejores los resultados estéticos. Métodos. Se presenta la experiencia en la clínica CardioVID, Medellín, Colombia, entre los años 2015 y 2019, mediante una revisión retrospectiva de 8 casos sometidos a resección de lesiones benignas de la pared torácica y reconstrucción con material protésico. Resultados. Se encontró una adecuada evolución de los pacientes, con un buen resultado estético y funcional, con adecuado control de la enfermedad, sin reportes de complicaciones ni de recidiva en el seguimiento. Discusión. Una técnica adecuada permite la reconstrucción de estos defectos con complicaciones mínimas y bajas tasas de extracción de prótesis, finalizando con excelentes resultados funcionales y cosméticos. Con nuestra experiencia podemos concluir que la elección adecuada de los pacientes candidatos a manejo quirúrgico, una buena técnica quirúrgica y un personal con experiencia son cruciales para lograr buenos resultados en cuanto a función pulmonar y estética. Además de lograr una sobrevida bajo los parámetros establecidos posterior a lograr una resección R0

Introduction. Surgical management of chest wall lesions with resection and reconstruction with prosthetic material has been increasing, due to advances in surgical techniques and surgeon's experience, as well as innovation and characteristics of prosthetic materials. They allow wide resections of the wall, guaranteeing greater skeletal stability, less alteration of respiratory mechanics, and better aesthetic results.Methods. The experience in the CardioVID clinic, Medellín, Colombia, between the years 2015 and 2019, is presented through a retrospective review of eight cases that underwent resection of benign lesions of the chest wall and reconstruction with prosthetic material.Results. An adequate evolution of the patients was found, with a good aesthetic and functional result, with adequate control of the disease, without reports of complications or recurrence in follow-up.Discussion. An adequate technique allows the reconstruction of these defects with minimal complications and low prosthesis extraction rates, ending with excellent functional and cosmetic results. With our experience, we can conclude that the proper choice of patients who are good candidates for surgical management, a good surgical technique, and an experienced staff are crucial to achieve good results in terms of lung function and aesthetics results, in addition to obtain survival under the established parameters after achieving an R0 resection

Fisiología respiratoria: contribución de la estructura de la vía aérea y el pulmón a la función del aparato respiratorio / Contribution of the airways and lung structure to the respiratory system function

Conocer la estructura del sistema respiratorio es fundamental para comprender cómo realiza sus funciones, desde la principal, el intercambio gaseoso, hasta otras funciones no respiratorias tales como el equilibrio ácido-base, fonación, defensa pulmonar, metabolismo pulmonar y procesamiento de materiales bioactivos. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir los conocimientos actuales de la anatomía del aparato respiratorio y mencionar sus funciones tanto respiratorias como no respiratorias.

Knowing the structure of the respiratory system is essential to understand how it performs its various functions, from the main, gas exchange, to its non-respiratory functions such as acid-base balance, phonation, lung defense, pulmonary metabolism, and the handling of bioactive materials. The main objective of this review is to describe the updated knowledge of the respiratory system's anatomy and to mention its various respiratory and non-respiratory functions.

Tumor de Células Gigantes em porção anterolateral de costela / Giant Cell Tumor in anterolateral rib portion

RESUMO: O Tumor de Células Gigantes é uma neoplasia osteolítica benigna, porém agressiva, ricamente vascularizada e com numerosas células gigantes com atividade osteoclástica. Ocorre mais frequentemente nas epífises de ossos longos e raramente acomete as costelas (cerca de 1% dos casos). A apresentação deste tumor em porção anterolateral de arco costal é extremamente rara em comparação com a região posterior. O presente relato descreve o caso de uma paciente que apresentava uma tumoração dolorosa em parede torácica anterolateral esquerda, de crescimento insidioso. Exames de imagem revelaram uma lesão insuflativa em 10º arco costal esquerdo (4,2 x 3,5 cm), com áreas de calcificação interior. A paciente foi submetida a tratamento cirúrgico, com ressecção ampla do tumor, englobando 9º, 10º e 11º arcos costais e uma porção do diafragma. O diagnóstico definitivo de tumor de células gigantes se deu pela imunohistoquímica da peça cirúrgica. Este relato permite fornecer bases para o estudo das possibilidades terapêuticas desta patologia em localizações atípicas, reforçando que a exérese em bloco com margens amplas destes tumores promove uma menor chance de recidiva local. (AU)

ABSTRACT: Giant Cell Tumor is a benign but aggressive osteolytic neoplasm, richly vascularized and with numerous giant cells with osteoclastic activity. It often occurs in long bone epiphyses and rarely affects the ribs (about 1% of cases). The presentation of this tumor in the anterolateral portion of the costal arch is extremely rare compared to the posterior region. The present report describes the case of a patient who had a painful tumor on the left anterolateral chest wall, of insidious growth. Imaging exams revealed an insufflating lesion in the 10th left costal arch (4.2 x 3.5 cm), with areas of interior calcification. The patient underwent surgical treatment, with wide resection of the tumor, comprising 9th, 10th and 11th ribs and a portion of the diaphragm. The definitive diagnosis of giant cell tumor was made by immunohistochemistry of the surgical specimen. This report provides a basis for studying the therapeutic possibilities of this pathology in atypical locations, reinforcing that the block excision with wide margins of these tumors promotes a lower chance of local recurrence. (AU)

Absceso pulmonar con fístula neumocutánea / Pulmonary abscess with pneumocutaneous fistula

Lung abscess is a rare entity in pediatric age, but it generates significant morbidity. Even less frequent is the presence of this with spontaneous drainage to the skin, generating an abscess in the chest wall, reason for consultation, of the present clinical case. Subsequently, the presence of lung abscess with extension to the chest wall without pleural involvement was documented by imaging studies, an extremely rare and unusual entity, with only one case described in the world literature within our reach and in an adult patient.

El absceso pulmonar es una entidad infrecuente en la edad pediátrica, pero que genera una morbilidad importante. Aún menos frecuente es la presencia de este con drenaje espontáneo a piel, generando un absceso en pared torácica, motivo de consulta, del presente caso clínico. Posteriormente y por estudios imagenológicos se documentó la presencia de absceso pulmonar con extensión a pared torácica sin afectación pleural, una entidad extremadamente rara e inusual, con un solo caso descrito en la literatura mundial a nuestro alcance y en un paciente adulto.

The pectoralis quartus and chondro-epitrochlearis combined muscle variation: description and surgical relevance

The authors describe a rare unilateral muscle variation in the thoracic wall combining the pectoralis quartus and chondro-epitrochlearis muscles. A routine dissection was performed in the upper right limb of a male adult cadaver with approximately 35-50 years of age, embalmed in formalin 10%. An accessory muscle, the pectoralis quartus, was identified and was associated with a tendon that was inserted in the medial humeral epicondyle, characteristic of the chondro-epitrochlearis muscle tendon. Such variations have significant clinical relevance to orthopedics, mastology, neural and vascular surgery, and other specialties, for surgical approaches in both the axillary and brachial regions.

Capacidade pulmonar e funcional no pós-operatório de mulheres submetidas à mastectomia: série de casos / Pulmonary and functional capacity in the post-surgery of women submitted to mastectomy: preliminary results

Mulheres submetidas à cirurgia de mastectomia podem apresentar algumas complicações, dentre elas, alterações respiratórias e prejuízo funcional. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a cinemática da parede torácica e a capacidade funcional no pós-operatório de pacientes mastectomizadas sem tratamento neoadjuvante e adjuvante associados. Foram avaliadas 4 mulheres no grupo mastectomia (GM) e 4 mulheres no grupo controle (GC). Todas as participantes foram submetidas aos procedimentos de avaliação antropométrica, função pulmonar, força muscular respiratória, cinemática da parede torácica e capacidade funcional. O GM também foi submetido à avaliação de inspeção e palpação torácica. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva. Foi observado que o GM apresentou menor variação de volume corrente da parede torácica, com delta de variação de 22,03% a menos que o GC, sendo a maior redução de volume corrente evidenciada no compartimento de caixa torácica pulmonar, com redução de 41,57% em relação ao GC. O GM não apresentou alterações de função pulmonar, força muscular respiratória e capacidade funcional, apresentando valores de normalidade nessas avaliações. Portanto, mulheres submetidas ao procedimento cirúrgico de mastectomia, sem tratamento neoadjuvante e adjuvante associados, não apresentaram comprometimento da função pulmonar, da força muscular respiratória e da capacidade funcional, contudo foi verificado redução do volume pulmonar na região do procedimento cirúrgico.

Women submitted to a mastectomy surgery may present some complications, among them, respiratory changes and functional impairment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the chest wall kinematics and functional capacity in the postoperative period of mastectomized patients without associated adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment. A total of four (4) women in the mastectomy group (MG) and four (4) in the control group (CG) were evaluated. All participants were submitted to the procedures of anthropometric evaluation, pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, chest wall kinematics and functional capacity. Patients in MG were also submitted to an inspection and palpation evaluation of the chest and breasts. Database was analyzed using descriptive statistics. It was observed that the MG presented a smaller variation of tidal volume of the chest wall, with a variation delta of 22.03% less than CG, with the largest reduction in tidal volume evidenced in the pulmonary chest cavity compartment, with a reduction of 41.57% when compared to CG. The MG did not present alterations of pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength and functional capacity, presenting values of normality in these evaluations. Therefore, women submitted to the surgical procedure of mastectomy without associated neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatment did not present any impairment of pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength and functional capacity. However, a reduction could be observed in the pulmonary volume in the region of the surgical procedure.

Blunt trauma related chest wall and pulmonary injuries: An overview / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

Physical traumas are tragic and multifaceted injuries that suddenly threaten life. Although it is the third most common cause of death in all age groups, one out of four trauma patients die due to thoracic injury or its complications. Blunt injuries constitute the majority of chest trauma. This indicates the importance of chest trauma among all traumas. Blunt chest trauma is usually caused by motor vehicle accident, falling from height, blunt instrument injury and physical assault. As a result of chest trauma, many injuries may occur, such as pulmonary injuries, and these require urgent intervention. Chest wall and pulmonary injuries range from rib fractures to flail chest, pneumothorax to hemothorax and pulmonary contusion to tracheobronchial injuries. Following these injuries, patients may present with a simple dyspnea or even respiratory arrest. For such patient, it is important to understand the treatment logic and to take a multidisciplinary approach to treat the pulmonary and chest wall injuries. This is because only 10% of thoracic trauma patients require surgical operation and the remaining 90% can be treated with simple methods such as appropriate airway, oxygen support, maneuvers, volume support and tube thoracostomy. Adequate pain control in chest trauma is sometimes the most basic and best treatment. With definite diagnosis, the morbidity and mortality can be significantly reduced by simple treatment methods.

Giant chondrosarcoma of the chest wall: a rare surgical challenge

The chest wall chondrosarcoma (CWC) is a rare slowly growing primary tumor of the chest wall with an incidence of <0.5 per million person-years. We present the case of a giant CWC that caused a mass effect on the mediastinum, heart, and lung. Large tumors with thoracic structures compression may be life threatening, and its resection and subsequent chest wall reconstruction represent a significant multidisciplinary surgical challenge. In this case, despite the large tumor dimensions, the preoperative planning—sparing key reconstructive options without compromising the tumor resection—allowed a complete en bloc tumor excision of a grade III chondrosarcoma with negative histologic margins. Successful reconstruction of the large full-thickness chest wall defect, with a latissimus dorsi muscle flap and methyl methacrylate incorporated into a polypropylene mesh in a sandwich fashion, was accomplished. Patient recovery was uneventful with good functional and aesthetic outcomes, and no evidence of recurrence at 1.5 years follow-up. This case report illustrates the main clinical, radiological, and histologic features of a CWC while discussing the surgical goals and highlighting the principles for chest wall reconstruction following extensive resection of a large and rare entity.

Cinematic rendering for three-dimensional reconstructions of the chest wall: a new reality / Uma nova realidade: renderização cinematográfica para reconstruções tridimensionais da parede torácica

ABSTRACT Computed tomography with multiple detectors and the advancement of processors improved rendered images and three-dimensional reconstructions in clinical practice. Traditional axial slices form non-intuitive images because they are seen in only one plane. The three-dimensional reconstructions can show structures details and diseases with complex anatomy in different perspectives. Cinematic rendering is a newly three-dimensional reconstruction technique, already approved for clinical use, which can produce realistic images from traditional computed tomography data. The algorithm used is based on light trajectory methods and the global lighting model, which simulate thousands of images from all possible directions. Thus, the technique shapes the physical propagation of light and generates a realistic three-dimensional image with depth, shadows and more anatomic details. It is a multidimensional rendering acquired through complex lighting effects. The aim of this article was to show the advance of three-dimensional technology with the cinematic rendering in images exams of the thoracic wall.

RESUMO A tomografia computadorizada com os múltiplos detectores e o avanço dos processadores melhoraram as imagens renderizadas e as reconstruções tridimensionais na prática clínica. Os cortes axiais tradicionais formam imagens não intuitivas, pois são vistas em apenas um plano. Já as reconstruções tridimensionais podem exibir detalhes anatômicos em diferentes perspectivas das estruturas e de doenças com anatomia complexa. A renderização cinematográfica é uma técnica de reconstrução tridimensional recentemente introduzida, já aprovada para uso clínico, que pode produzir imagens realistas a partir de dados tradicionais da tomografia computadorizada. O algoritmo usado é baseado em métodos de trajetória da luz e no modelo de iluminação global, os quais simulam milhares de imagens de todas as direções possíveis. Assim, a técnica molda a propagação física da luz e gera uma imagem tridimensional realista, com profundidade, sombras e mais detalhes da alteração anatômica. É uma renderização multidimensional adquirida por efeitos de iluminação complexos. O objetivo deste artigo foi mostrar o avanço da tecnologia tridimensional com a renderização cinematográfica nos dos exames de imagens da parede torácica.

Versatilidad del colgajo dorsal en cirugía de reconstrucción de sarcoma de pared torácica. Reporte de caso / Versatility of the dorsal flap in reconstruction surgery of toracica wall sarcoma. Case report

Entre los tumores malignos de la pared torácica, los sarcomas representan menos del 1% de los casos. A pesar de ser infrecuentes, es importante resaltar el manejo multidisciplinario de estos tipos de tumores ya que se caracterizan por ser de gran tamaño y afectar una amplia superficie torácica y por consiguiente de los tejidos blandos anexos a los mismos. De ahí la real importancia de la participación de cirujanos plásticos, torácicos y oncólogos en el tratamiento de estos tumores. La confección del colgajo dorsal en cirugías de sarcomas de la pared torácica ha permitido completar el tratamiento resectivo de dichos tumores. Presentamos el caso de un paciente varón de 64 años, con un sarcoma de la parrilla costal, quien fue sometido a resección amplia de la lesión que comprometia a la 7ma, 8va y 9na costillas, reconstrucción inmediata con próstesis de titanio y malla de polipropileno y cobertura del defecto con confección de colgajo del dorsal ancho. A 5 meses de seguimiento, sin evidencia de actividad de la enfermedad

Among malignant tumors of the chest wall, sarcomas account for less than 1% of cases. Despite being infrequent, it is important to highlight the multidisciplinary management of these types of tumors since they are characterized by being large and affecting a wide chest area and therefore the soft tissues attached to them. Hence the real importance of the participation of pásticos, thoracic and oncologos surgeons in the treatment of these tumors.The confection of the dorsal flap in surgeries of sarcomas of the thoracic wall has allowed to complete the treatment of these tumors. We present the case of a 64-year-old male patient with a sarcoma of the rib cage, who underwent extensive resection of the lesion involving the 7th, 8th and 9th ribs, immediate reconstruction with titanium prosthesis and mesh. polypropylene and coverage of the defect with flap made of the latissimus dorsi. At 5 months of follow-up, without evidence of disease activity.

Reconstrucción de pared torácica por carcinoma mamario. Presentación de un caso / Chest wall reconstruction due to breast carcinoma. Case report

El propósito de la presentación de este caso es demostrar nuestra experiencia en el Servicio de Cirugía Plástica y Reconstructiva de resolver casos complejos de defectos de pared torácica con colgajos locales y a distancia y valorizar su uso en reconstrucciones complejas. En los últimos años trabajamos coordinadamente con el Servicio de Mastologia de nuestro hospital y este caso fue resuelto también en conjunto con el Servicio de Cirugía Torácica.

The purpose of the presentation of this case is to demonstrate our experience in the service of plastic and reconstructive surgery to solve complex an distance cases of thoracic wall defects and value their use in complex reconstructions. In recent years we worked in coordination with the hospital's mastology service and this case was also resolved in conjunction with the thoracic surgery service